Try for Free
tab list
Rock Identifier
English
arrow
English
繁體中文
日本語
Español
Français
Deutsch
Pусский
Português
Italiano
한국어
Nederlands
العربية
Home Application Download FAQ
English
English
繁體中文
日本語
Español
Français
Deutsch
Pусский
Português
Italiano
한국어
Nederlands
العربية
Copper
Copper
Copper
Copper

Copper

Copper

A species of Copper Group, Also known as Cupper

Copper has a remarkable array of uses, from the construction of pipes to conducting electricity. The history of its usefulness in society dates back to the "New Stone Age," when humans made a slow transition from using stones to using metals. Copper is found and mined globally, with the largest mines currently in Chile.

Hardness
Hardness:

2.5 - 3

Density
Density:

8.93 g/cm³

General Info About Copper

Instantly Identify Rocks with a Snap
Snap a photo for instant rock/gemstone/mineral ID and properties analysis, gaining quick insights on characteristics, market value, collecting tips, care, real vs fake, and health risks, etc.
Download the App for Free

Physical Properties of Copper

Luster
Metallic
Diaphaneity
Opaque
Colors
Red, tarnishes to black, green in air
Magnetism
Non-magnetic
Tenacity
Malleable
Cleavage
None
Fracture
Hackly
Streak
Copper-red
Crystal System
Isometric
Hardness
2.5 - 3 , Soft
Density
8.93 g/cm³, Obviously Heavy Weight
qrcode
Img download isoImg download android

Chemical Properties of Copper

Chemical Classification
Native elements
Formula
Cu
Elements listed
Cu

Health Risk of Copper

Explore Rock and Mineral Safety Tips
Unlock the secrets of potential risks,stay safe with preventive measures!
Download the App for Free

What is the hazards of Copper?

Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans, possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA. Corresponding amounts of copper salts (30 mg/kg) are toxic in animals. A minimum dietary value for healthy growth in rabbits has been reported to be at least 3 ppm in the diet. However, higher concentrations of copper (100 ppm, 200 ppm, or 500 ppm) in the diet of rabbits may favorably influence feed conversion efficiency, growth rates, and carcass dressing percentages. Chronic copper toxicity does not normally occur in humans because of transport systems that regulate absorption and excretion. Autosomal recessive mutations in copper transport proteins can disable these systems, leading to Wilson's disease with copper accumulation and cirrhosis of the liver in persons who have inherited two defective genes. Elevated copper levels have also been linked to worsening symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

Discover the Value of Copper

Discovering the Diverse Values of Rocks
Unveiling the Rarity, Aesthetics, and Economic Significance of Rocks
Download the App for Free
Rarity
Easy to obtain
Collection Recommendation
4.2 out of 5
Popularity
4.5
Aesthetic
3.8
Rarity
3.6
Sci-Cultural Value
4.5

The Market Price of Copper

Exploring the Market Prices for a Variety of Rocks
Delving into the market values and investment potential of a wide variety of rocks
Download the App for Free

Rough/Tumbled Price

Fixed Price
$0.1 - $0.5 g

How to Care for Copper?

Instantly Identify Rocks and Learn How to Care for Them with a Snap
Snap a photo for instant rock/gemstone/mineral ID and properties analysis, gaining quick insights on toughness, stability, usage, storage, cleaning, selection, etc.
Download the App for Free
Durability
Durable
Scratch resistance
Poor

Toughness of Copper

Poor
Fair
Good
Excellent
Copper's toughness is excellent, making it highly resistant to breaking, chipping, or cracking due to its ductile internal structure and lack of cleavage.

Stability of Copper

Sensitive
Stable
Copper's susceptibility to corrosion, tarnishing, and chemical reactions makes it sensitive for daily use where such exposures are common.
More Care Tips of Copper

Characteristics of Copper

Your Comprehensive Rock Characteristics Guide
In-depth exploration of rock types, features, and formation aspects
Download the App for Free

Characteristics of Copper

Copper, silver, and gold are in group 11 of the periodic table; these three metals have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-electron shell and are characterized by high ductility, and electrical and thermal conductivity. The filled d-shells in these elements contribute little to interatomic interactions, which are dominated by the s-electrons through metallic bonds. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in copper are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak. This observation explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of copper. At the macroscopic scale, introduction of extended defects to the crystal lattice, such as grain boundaries, hinders flow of the material under applied stress, thereby increasing its hardness. For this reason, copper is usually supplied in a fine-grained polycrystalline form, which has greater strength than monocrystalline forms.
The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×106 S/m) and high thermal conductivity, second highest (second only to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature originates primarily from scattering of electrons on thermal vibrations of the lattice, which are relatively weak in a soft metal. The maximum permissible current density of copper in open air is approximately 3.1×106 A/m² of cross-sectional area, above which it begins to heat excessively.
Copper is one of a few metallic elements with a natural color other than gray or silver. Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air. The characteristic color of copper results from the electronic transitions between the filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells – the energy difference between these shells corresponds to orange light.
As with other metals, if copper is put in contact with another metal, galvanic corrosion will occur.
Copper does not react with water, but it does slowly react with atmospheric oxygen to form a layer of brown-black copper oxide which, unlike the rust that forms on iron in moist air, protects the underlying metal from further corrosion (passivation). A green layer of verdigris (copper carbonate) can often be seen on old copper structures, such as the roofing of many older buildings and the Statue of Liberty. Copper tarnishes when exposed to some sulfur compounds, with which it reacts to form various copper sulfides.

Formation of Copper

Copper is produced in massive stars and is present in the Earth's crust in a proportion of about 50 parts per million (ppm). In nature, copper occurs in a variety of minerals, including native copper, copper sulfides such as chalcopyrite, bornite, digenite, covellite, and chalcocite, copper sulfosalts such as tetrahedite-tennantite, and enargite, copper carbonates such as azurite and malachite, and as copper(I) or copper(II) oxides such as cuprite and tenorite, respectively. The largest mass of elemental copper discovered weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan, US. Native copper is a polycrystal, with the largest single crystal ever described measuring 4.4×3.2×3.2 cm.

Cultural Significance of Copper

Your Ultimate Guide to Understanding Rock Culture
Unveiling the mysteries of rock culture - exploring uses, history, and healing properties, etc
Download the App for Free

Uses of Copper

Copper was the first metal to be worked by humans, and was often added with tin to create bronze (hence, the Bronze Age). This metal is currently used in coins, guns, surgical instruments, construction, and industrial machinery. It is also a great conductor, making it valuable for electrical equipment. Chefs treasure copper kitchen equipment because of this metal's high heat transfer. Even after thousands of years, there is no sign that copper will lose its usefulness anytime soon.

The History of Copper

A timeline of copper illustrates how the metal has advanced human civilization for the past 11,000 years.

Distribution of Copper

Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted during the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast, with around 1014 tons in the top kilometer of Earth's crust, which is about 5 million years' worth at the current rate of extraction.

Etymology of Copper

In the Roman era, copper was mined principally on Cyprus, the origin of the name of the metal, from aes сyprium (metal of Cyprus), later corrupted to сuprum (Latin). Coper (Old English) and copper were derived from this, the later spelling first used around 1530.

Healing Properties of Copper

Copper has long been associated with the relief of inflammation and pain and is worn by many arthritis sufferers. It is believed that the metal allows the positive energies in the body to flow freely for healing. Many believe that it stimulates motivation and hope. It works on the Base and Sacral chakras to balance the energies of sexual desire and metabolic changes within the body. When kept in the home, it is said to bring good luck to all.
Chakras
Root, Heart

Common Questions People Also Ask

Get Quick Rock Answers with a Snap
Snap a photo for instant rock ID and answers on characteristics, market value, collecting tips, care, real vs fake, and health risks, etc.
Download the App for Free

More Rocks You Might Enjoy

Img topic
Mahogany Obsidian
Mahogany Obsidian is one of the most common varieties of this naturally occurring volcanic glass, recognizable by the mixture of black and brown Obsidian. Thanks to its properties, it is easily polished and sold in the form of tumbled stones. It is also used for cabochons and various carved objects and tools, such as knife blades.
Read More
Arrow
Img topic
Apache Tears
Apache Tears is a popular term for polished, tear-shaped pebbles of a naturally occurring volcanic glass known as Obsidian. This glass is formed when lava cools so quickly there is no time for crystals to be shaped. In the case of apache Tears, this glass was formed in the presence of excessive water. When you hold one up to the light, you will see its translucence.
Read More
Arrow
Img topic
Aragonite
Aragonite is widely and most popularly seen as the coating on pearls. It is also the main component of coral and stalagmites. It is remarkably brittle and comes in many different varieties, depending on the mineral in which it is found. It is truly a remarkable, morphing mineral!
Read More
Arrow
Img topic
Breccia
The word breccia is Italian for "rubble," and this gives a hint as to the rock’s appearance - large rock fragments are cemented together in a matrix. Some samples can be quite beautiful when polished or carved; many ancient societies, including the Egyptians and the Romans, utilized breccia in ornamental stone structures and buildings.
Read More
Arrow
Img topic
Zoisite
This rare mineral comes in a wide varieties of colors, including several prized gemstones. The most famous of these is Tanzanite, a blue-purple variety of zoisite that is mined in Tanzania and is extremely sought after (though only mined since the 1960s, it is quite popular and sometimes considered the birthstone for December). Anyolite and Thulite, which are striking shades of green and pink, respectively, are also zoisite varieties.
Read More
Arrow
Img topic
Anhydrite
This important rock-forming mineral mostly occurs in salt and evaporite deposits. It is closely associated with gypsum - anhydrite is actually gypsum without water. When the water is added to anhydrite, it turns into gypsum again. Both minerals are readily used in construction.
Read More
Arrow
Img topic
Tektite
Tektite is a small, pebble-like, glassy object probably formed during meteorite impacts. Its name, Tektite, is derived from the Greek word tektos, which means molten. They were known to humans since ancient times - the first known mention dates back to China around 900 BC, but they still pose many questions to the scientific community. Tektite can vary in size from millimeters to centimeters.
Read More
Arrow
Img topic
Dragon Blood
Dragon Blood is not a scientific classification of stone, but rather the commercial name of the particular Bloodstone (a green to dark-green variety of chalcedony with spots of Red Jasper) mined in Western Australia. The material is regularly cut into many shapes including cabochons and beads for jewelry and various decorative art objects.
Read More
Arrow